Wednesday 18 January 2017

Internet legal developments to look out for in 2017

A preview [updated with developments as at 7 October 2017] of some of the UK internet legal developments that we can expect in 2017. Any proposed EU legislation will be subject to Brexit considerations and so may never happen in the UK.

EU copyright reform In 2016 the European Commission published
proposals for a Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (widely viewed as being in the main internet-unfriendly), for a Regulation extending the country of origin provisions of the Satellite and Cable Broadcasting Directive to broadcasters' ancillary online transmissions and for a proposal to mandate a degree of online content portability within the EU. The legislative processes will continue through 2017. [EU Regulation on cross-border portability of online content services in the internal market adopted 14 June 2017. Applies from 20 March 2018.] 

EU online business As part of its Digital Single Market proposals the European Commission has published a proposal for a Regulation on "Geo-blocking and other forms of discrimination". It aims to prevent online retailers from discriminating, technically or commercially, on the basis of nationality, residence or location of a customer. 

[Intermediary liability The European Commission has published a Communication on Tackling Illegal Content Online.  This is a set of (in name) voluntary guidelines under which online platforms would adopt institutionalised notice and takedown/staydown procedures and proactive content filtering processes, based in part on a system of 'trusted flaggers'. The system would cover every kind of illegality from terrorist content, through copyright, to defamation. The Commission aims to determine by May 2018 whether additional legislative measures are needed.]
UK criminal copyright infringement The
Digital Economy Bill is about to start its Lords Committee stage. Among other things the Bill implements the government’s decision to seek an increase in the maximum sentence for criminal copyright infringement by communication to the public from two years to ten years. The Bill also redefines the offence in a way that, although intended to exclude minor infringements, has raised concerns that it in fact expands the scope of the offence. [The Digital Economy Act 2017 received Royal Assent on 27 April 2017. The amendments to the criminal copyright offence come into force on 1 October 2017.]

Pending CJEU copyright cases Several copyright references are pending in the EU Court of Justice. Issues under consideration include communication to the public and magnet links (
BREIN/Pirate Bay C-610/15 [CJEU judgment delivered 14 June 2017]), links to infringing movies in an add-on media player (BREIN/Filmspeler C-527/15 [CJEU judgment delivered 26 April 2017]), site blocking injunctions (BREIN/Pirate Bay), applicability of the temporary copies exception to viewing infringing movies (BREIN/Filmspeler) and cloud-based remote PVR (VCAST C-265/16) [Advocate-General Opinion delivered 7 September 2017].

Online pornography The
Digital Economy Bill would grant powers to a regulator (intended to be the British Board of Film Classification) to determine age control mechanisms for internet sites that make ‘R18’ pornography available; and to direct ISPs to block such sites that either do not comply with age verification or contain material that would not be granted an R18 certificate. These aspects of the Bill have been criticised by the UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression, by the House of Lords Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee and by the House of Lords Constitution Committee[The Digital Economy Act 2017 received Royal Assent on 27 April 2017.  The DCMS has published surrounding documents including draft guidance to the Age Verification Regulator.]

Net neutrality and parental controls The net neutrality provisions of the
EU Open Internet Access and Roaming Regulation potentially affect the ability of operators to choose to provide network-based parental control filtering to their customers. A transitional period for existing self-regulatory schemes expired on 31 December 2016. The government has said that although it does not regard the Regulation as outlawing the existing UK voluntary parental controls regime, to put the matter beyond doubt it will introduce an amendment to the Digital Economy Bill to put the parental controls scheme on a statutory basis. [Enacted as S.104 of the Digital Economy Act 2017 'Internet filters', which came into force on 31 July 2017.]

TV-like regulation of the internet The review of the EU Audio Visual Media Services Directive continues. The
Commission proposal adopted on 25 May 2016 would further extend the Directive's applicability to on-demand providers and internet platforms.

Cross-border liability and jurisdiction
Ilsjan (Case C-194/16) is another CJEU reference on the Article 7(2) (ex-Art 5(3)) tort jurisdiction provisions of the EU Jurisdiction Regulation. The case concerns a claim for correction and removal of harmful comments. It asks questions around mere accessibility as a threshold for jurisdiction (as found in Pez Hejduk) and the eDate/Martinez ‘centre of interests’ criterion for recovery in respect of the entire harm suffered throughout the EU. Meanwhile significant decisions on extraterritoriality are likely to be delivered in the French Conseil d'Etat (CNIL/Google) and Canadian Supreme Court (Equustek/Google). [AG Opinion in Ilsjan delivered 13 July 2017. Canadian Supreme Court judgment in Equustek delivered 28 June 2017.  (For commentary see here.) In the French CNIL/Google case the Conseil d'Etat has referred questions on territoriality and remedies to the CJEU.]

Online state surveillance The UK’s
Investigatory Powers Act 2016 is expected to be implemented in stages throughout 2017 [and 2018]. The Watson/Tele2 decision of the CJEU has already cast a shadow over the data retention provisions of the Act, which will almost certainly now have to be amended. The Watson case, which directly concerns the now expired data retention provisions of DRIPA, will shortly return to the Court of Appeal for further consideration in the light of the CJEU judgment. [In September 2017 the Investigatory Powers Tribunal decided to make a reference to the CJEU asking questions about the applicability of Watson to national security.] The IP Act (in particular the bulk powers provisions) may also be indirectly affected by pending cases in the CJEU (challenges to the EU-US Privacy Shield), in the European Court of Human Rights (ten NGOs challenging the existing RIPA bulk interception regime) and by a judicial review by Privacy International of an Investigatory Powers Tribunal decision on equipment interference powers. [Judicial review application dismissed 2 February 2017; under appeal to Court of Appeal.] Finally, Liberty has announced that it is launching a direct challenge in the UK courts against the IP Act bulk powers.[The challenge also relates to the IP Act data retention powers. Permission to proceed granted.] [New revised and simplified mindmap of legal challenges as at 7 October 2017 (previous version here):




 [Updated 3 March 2017 with various developments and new mindmap. Further updated 9 August 2017 and 7 October 2017.]

Monday 2 January 2017

Cyberleagle on Surveillance

For over two years I have been blogging on surveillance, a topic that cuckoo-like has grown to crowd out most other IT and internet law topics on this blog. 

With the Investigatory Powers Act now on the UK statute book, this seems like a good moment to catalogue the 43 posts that this legislation and its preceding events have inspired.

20 August 2013: Everyman encounters Government. Prompted by reactions to Snowden. It's all about trust.


{8 April 2014: CJEU invalidates EU Data Retention Directive in Digital Rights Ireland. Validity of UK implementation by secondary legislation questionable.}

12 July 2014: Dissecting DRIP - the emergency Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Bill. Posted the day after the coalition government’s Friday publication of the DRIP Bill for introduction into Parliament on the Monday morning, on an emergency four day timetable. Still by far the most page views of any post on this blog. 

20 July 2014: The other side of communications data. Statistics on communications data acquisition errors with serious consequences: wrong accusations, search warrants, arrests. Updated since then with data from subsequent IOCCO Annual Reports. 

10 October 2014: Submissions to the Investigatory Powers Review. Various submissions (including mine) to David Anderson QC’s Investigatory Powers Review.

15 November 2014: Of straws and haystacks. Tracing the history of RIPA’s S.8(4) bulk interception power via the 1960s cable vetting scandal to S.4 of the Official Secrets Act 1920.

3 December 2014: Another round of data retention. The IP address resolution provisions of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill, amending DRIPA.

21 December 2014: A Cheltenham Carol. Five Ba-a-aack Doors.

2 January 2015: The tangled net of GCHQ’s fishing warrant. Detailed analysis of the S.8(4) RIPA bulk interception warrant.

2 February 2015: IP address resolution - a conundrum still unresolved? A short rant about the Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill.

{11 June 2015: "A Question of Trust" published.}

13 July 2015: Red lines and no-go zones - the coming surveillance debate. Discussion of  David Anderson Q.C.'s Investigatory Powers Review report "A Question of Trust".

12 August 2015: The coming surveillance debate. A 13 part series of posts analysing specific topics likely to feature in the forthcoming Investigatory Powers Bill.

5 September 2015: Predicting the UK’s new surveillance law. Nine predictions for the contents of the Bill covering bulk interception, broad Ministerial powers, browsing histories, digital footprints, data generation by decree, communications data/content boundary, third party data collection, request filter and judicial authorisation.

{4 November 2015: Draft Investigatory Powers Bill published.}

4 November 2015: Prediction and Verdict - the draft Investigatory Powers Bill. Contents of the draft Bill versus my 5 September predictions.

9 November 2015: From Oversight to Insight - Hidden Surveillance Law Interpretations. Arguing that the oversight body should proactively seek out and make public material legal interpretations on the basis of which powers are exercised or asserted.

23 December 2015: #IPBill Christmas Quiz. A bit of seasonal fun with the draft Bill, including the never to be forgotten definition “Data includes any information which is not data”. Five out of the ten points highlighted, including that one, have changed in the final legislation.

16 January 2016: An itemised phone bill like none ever seen. Adapted from my evidence to the pre-legislative scrutiny Joint Committee, analysing how internet connection records are richer, more far reaching and different in nature from the traditional itemised phone bill with which the government was at that stage inclined to compare them. 

7 February 2016: No Content: Metadata and the draft Investigatory Powers Bill. Highlighting the significance of communications data powers in the draft Bill.

16 February 2016: The draft Investigatory Powers Bill - start all over again? Discussion of the Joint Committee and ISC Reports on the draft Bill.

{1 March 2016: Investigatory Powers Bill introduced into Parliament.}

15 March 2016: Relevant Communications Data revisited. Parsing and visualising one of the most complex and critical definitions in the Bill.

19 March 2016: 20 points on the Investigatory Powers Bill, from future proofing to triple negatives. Storified 20 points tweeted immediately before publication of the Bill, with subsequent comments in the light of the Bill.

24 March 2016: All about the metadata. More visualisations of the Bill’s complex web of metadata definitions.

29 March 2016: Woe unto you, cryptographers! This little collection of Biblical quotations adapted to cryptography fell flat as a pancake…

1 April 2016: An official announcement. …but not as flat as this leaden attempt at an April Fool.

15 April 2016: Future-proofing the Investigatory Powers Bill. Arguing that the Bill’s attempt to future-proof powers by adopting a technologically neutral drafting approach repeats the error of RIPA. A better approach would be to future-proof the privacy-intrusion balance.

26 May 2016: The content v metadata contest at the heart of the Investigatory Powers Bill. A deep dive into the Bill’s dividing lines between content and metadata, including the new power of the intelligence agencies to extract some content and treat it as metadata. 

12 June 2016: The List. Dystopia looms, holding a clipboard.

19 July 2016: Data retention - the Advocate General opines. Summary of the Advocate General’s Opinion in the Watson/Tele2 case challenging DRIPA and the equivalent Swedish legislation.

11 August 2016: How secondary data got its name. An imagined Bill drafting committee meeting in Whitehall.

{19 August 2016: Bulk Powers Review published.}

7 September 2016: A trim for bulk powers? What might have been if the Bulk Powers Review had been commissioned and published at the start of the Parliamentary process.

{29 November 2016: Investigatory Powers Act gains Royal Assent.}

10 December 2016: Investigatory Powers Act 2016 Christmas Quiz. 20 questions to test your knowledge of the #IPAct. 

31 December 2016: The Investigatory Powers Act - swan or turkey? A post-legislative reflection on the Act.  

This marks the end of the beginning. Pending legal challenges, new legal challenges and Brexit will provide a rich seam of material for future blogging.

8 May 2017: Back doors, black boxes and #IPAct technical capability regulations Commentary on proposed technical capability notice regulations.

22 February 2018: Illuminating the Investigatory Powers Act Tricky points of legal interpretation of the Act.

27 April 2018: The IPAct data retention regime lives on (but will have to change before long) Report on the judgment in Liberty v Home Office on compliance with EU law of the mandatory data retention regime.

13 September 2018 Big Brother Watch v UK – implications for the Investigatory Powers Act? Commentary on the European Court of Human Rights First Section judgment.

30 October 2018 What will be in Investigatory Powers Act Version 1.2? Discussion of how the Act might have to be amended in the light of the Big Brother Watch First Section decision.

15 October 2020 Hard questions about soft limits Implications of the CJEU judgments in Privacy International/La Quadrature du Net.

8 June 2021 Big Brother Watch/Rättvisa – a multifactorial puzzle Analysis of the Grand Chamber Big Brother Watch judgment.

[Amended 21.25 2 Jan 2017 to add some {contextual events} and stylistic edits; and 6 March 2023 to add subsequent posts.]